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- <text id=93CT1903>
- <title>
- United Arab Emirates--History
- </title>
- <history>
- Compact ALMANAC--CIA Factbook
- Southwest Asia
- United Arab Emirates
- </history>
- <article>
- <source>CIA World Factbook</source>
- <hdr>
- History
- </hdr>
- <body>
- <p> European and Arab pirates roamed the Trucial Coast area from
- the 17th century into the 19th century, hence the former label,
- "Pirate Coast." Early British expeditions against the pirates
- led to further campaigns against their headquarters at Ras
- al-Khaimah and other harbors along the southwest coast in 1819.
- The following year, a general peace treaty was signed to which
- all the principal shaikhs of the coast adhered. Piracy continued
- intermittently until 1835, when the shaikhs agreed not to engage
- in hostilities at sea. In 1853, they signed a treaty with the
- United Kingdom, under which the shaikhs agreed to a "perpetual
- maritime truce." It was enforced by the United Kingdom, and
- disputes among shaikhs were referred to the British for
- settlement.
- </p>
- <p> Primarily in reaction to the ambitions of other European
- countries, the United Kingdom and the Trucial States established
- closer bonds in an 1892 treaty, similar to treaties entered into
- by the British with other Persian Gulf principalities. The
- shaikhs agreed not to dispose of any territory except to the
- United Kingdom and not to enter into relationships with any
- foreign government other than the United Kingdom without its
- consent. The British promised to protect the Trucial Coast from
- all aggression by sea and to lend their good offices in case of
- land attack.
- </p>
- <p> In 1955, the United Kingdom effectively intervened on behalf
- of Abu Dhabi in the latter's dispute with Saudi Arabia over the
- Buraimi Oasis and other territory to the south of the Trucial
- States. Control over the oasis is shared between Abu Dhabi and
- the Sultanate of Oman. In 1974, Abu Dhabi reached agreement with
- Saudi Arabia, settling the old Abu Dhabi-Saudi border dispute;
- the agreement has yet to be ratified by the UAE Government. Some
- minor disagreements with Oman remain unsettled.
- </p>
- <p> Abu Dhabi was the first of the emirates to discover oil in
- 1958; Dubai followed in 1966, Sharjah in 1972, and Ras
- Al-Khaimah in 1983. The rapid development of the country's
- economy followed the influx of oil wealth.
- </p>
- <p> In 1968, the British Government announced its decision,
- reaffirmed in March 1971, to end the treaty relationships with
- the gulf shaikhdoms. The seven Trucial Shaikhdoms joined the
- other two states (Bahrain and Qatar) under British protection in
- an effort to form a union of Arab emirates. By mid-1971,
- however, the nine shaikhdoms still had not been able to agree on
- terms of union, and the termination date of the British treaty
- relationship, end of 1971, was approaching. Bahrain became
- independent in August and Qatar, in September 1971. When the
- British protective treaty with the Trucial Shaikhdoms ended on
- December 1, they became fully independent. On December 2, 1971,
- six of them entered into a union called the United Arab
- Emirates. The seventh, Ras al-Khaimah, joined in early 1972.
- </p>
- <p>Current Political Conditions
- </p>
- <p> The distribution of power among the emirates is reflected in
- the allocation of positions in its federal government. The
- Shaikh of Abu Dhabi, whose emirate is the wealthiest, is
- president of the UAE. The Shaikh of Dubai, which is the
- commercial center of the Trucial Coast and a significant oil
- producer, is vice president and prime minister.
- </p>
- <p> Since achieving independence in 1971, the UAE has begun to
- strengthen its federal institutions. Although each emirate still
- retains substantial autonomy, the power of the central
- government gradually is becoming more firmly established. A
- basic concept in the UAE Government's development as a federal
- system is that a significant percentage of each emirate's
- revenues will be devoted to the UAE central budget. The budget
- provides for economic and social development throughout the
- UAE. To date, however, Abu Dhabi has contributed most to the
- federal budget. In 1980, the governments of Abu Dhabi and Dubai
- agreed to contribute the equivalent of 50% of their oil revenues
- to the federal government. In 1981, for the first time, Abu
- Dhabi's share of the budget dropped below 90%.
- </p>
- <p> The UAE has no political parties. Arab national consciousness
- is developing, and sentiment is growing, particularly among
- urban youth, in favor of government liberalization and
- accelerated economic development. The influx of wealth and
- modern technology in the emirates has added to the growing pains
- of rapid modernization. Workers from neighboring states stream
- in and add the strain of a large foreign population.
- </p>
- <p>Source: U.S. Department of State, Bureau of Public Affairs,
- February 1985.
- </p>
-
- </body>
- </article>
- </text>
-
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